Sapphire and ruby single-crystal orifices are basically chemically inert and feature zero porosity. These non-thrombogenic materials do not out gas or oxidize. As a result, they create no flash points and can be used in oxygen situations. Other medical applications include wire feed throughs, brain shunt valves, anesthesiology gases, and precision-dispense tips. The materials are said to offer five times the abrasion resistance of carbides, eliminating wear to the orifice edges, even at high pressure and temperature. The materials can be lapped to a super finish to reduce buildup and help parts remain smooth and clean.